|
Firefighters Need to Know
Applying lessons from Charleston and similar
tragedies to your department
With great
anticipation firefighters are reading the Charleston Phase II
Report to learn of the events as they unfolded almost one year
ago. This report was well researched and professionally
developed with the goal of helping to prevent yet another
similar tragedy in the future.
What was delivered
by the task force was valuable tactical and operational
information and recommendations that served to elevate the
Charleston Fire Department to a level equal to the most
progressive departments in the nation. Some of the many
nationally approved procedures and practices recommended
included: The use of an incident command system, safety
officers, an accountability system, adequate staffing, the use
of five-inch large diameter hose, standard nozzles, thermal
imaging cameras, establishment of adequate water supplies,
general training, SCBA storage procedures and so forth.
Excellent
timelines, photos and diagramming of advanced hose lines of
various diameters and associated pressures and flows were also
given. An outstanding analysis of the building construction,
high fuel load present and of the heat and smoke build up and
spread within the interstitial space was especially informative
and clearly described precisely what the firefighters were up
against.
This report
accomplished many objectives to reach its goal. It provided the
recommendations necessary to bring the Charleston Fire
Department up to nationally acceptable firefighting practices
and procedures.
A safety problem
however still exists. If a repeat of this type of tragedy is to
be avoided in the future, an underlying problem must be
addressed. Although Charleston is on the way to rising to
operational levels seen in many other departments, all
firefighters need to be elevated to an even higher level of
safety and awareness as it pertains to the extreme dangers
associated with this type of structure.
The Super Sofa
Store had the structural characteristics of a classic large
enclosed structure, which has been defined as a structure having
very few windows or doors of sufficient number and size for
prompt ventilation and emergency evacuation. History has also
shown that enclosed structures are highly prone to producing
multiple life threatening hazards that engulf firefighters when
fast and aggressive interior attacks are initiated. These
included violent flashovers, backdrafts, collapses of roofs and
floors and prolonged zero visibility conditions, all of which
may cause firefighter disorientation leading to serious injury,
narrow escapes or firefighter fatalities.
This information
has been slowly emerging in the fire service over the years but
is information every firefighter needs to know simply because of
the serious safety issue at hand. An offensive strategy, which
may protect firefighters so well in other structure fires, such
as a fire at a residence without a basement, has been shown to
be ineffective and unsafe if used during the course of an
enclosed structure fire. These can be of any size, age,
configuration, construction type or occupancy type.
During past fatal
enclosed structure fires, arriving firefighters misinterpreted
the initial size up factors and according to established
standard operating procedures made an aggressive interior attack
to search for the seat of the fire or to conduct a primary
search. However, as interior conditions deteriorated, those
firefighters who were separated from a handline or encountered
entangled handlines became disoriented when they lost the
ability to see within the structure for prolonged or sustained
periods of time, depleting their air supplies as they
desperately attempted to exit the building.
A firefighter
disorientation sequence clearly unfolded in Charleston which
leads to the tragic loss of nine firefighters who had every
intention of knocking the fire out and heading back home. But as
in many other cases involving some of the nation's most
progressive and aggressive departments, the outcome was also
unfavorable. A few of the many fatalities which have taken place
at large enclosed structure fires include: Worcester, MA,
Chicago, Phoenix, Los Angeles, New York City, Coos Bay, OR,
Hackensack, NJ, Chesapeake Bay, VA, St.Louis, Pittsburg, Fall
River, MA and Memphis, TN. And they have not stopped. Since the
Charleston fire, firefighters initiating aggressive interior
attacks have lost their lives in enclosed structure fires
involving a Chinese restaurant in Boston, a vacant high-rise
building in Manhattan and most recently, in a large enclosed
structure with a basement, involving a millwork warehouse in
Salisbury, NC.
The Task Force
Report is excellent and should be read by all firefighters,
especially chief, safety and training officers everywhere so
that appropriate tactical changes can be made. In that spirit,
and in memory of the nine from Charleston, solutions to the
enclosed structure and disorientation problem are also offered
for your consideration.
|